Former International Criminal Court (ICC) Judge, Justice Professor Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu, states that new conflict forms, violent extremism, and advanced military technologies are transforming global security. These changes create serious challenges for international peace and the protection of civilians. Justice Mensa-Bonsu delivered this warning at the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC) 15th Graduation Ceremony in Accra.
She urged graduating peace and security scholars to use their knowledge to tackle complex national conflicts. Justice Mensa-Bonsu noted an increase in geopolitical competition and the emergence of new global powers. She highlighted shifting economic alliances that challenge established international orders.
This assessment comes as Ghana, like many African nations, faces spillover security concerns from the unstable Sahel region. Ghana's 2024 budget projects GHS 5.9 billion for security, underscoring the government's focus on national defense and stability. The nation also actively participates in regional peacekeeping efforts, reflecting a broader commitment to international security. The former Supreme Court Justice observed that traditional assumptions about global security are under intense scrutiny presently.
Justice Mensa-Bonsu stated, “Unipolarity quickly revealed itself as illusory in the face of Russia’s renewed assertiveness, particularly in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Africa, as well as the rise of new powers and economic blocs challenging established hegemonic arrangements.” She added that proxy wars and internal conflicts remain major features of international relations. Despite a decline in traditional interstate wars, crises persist in regions like Darfur and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Decision-makers must now adapt to a landscape where economic assets are strategic targets. Energy infrastructure and even food supplies could become deliberate targets in future conflicts. This trend could disrupt global supply chains and directly impact Ghana's import-dependent economy. Markets will respond to heightened geopolitical instability by pricing in greater risk, possibly leading to higher insurance premiums and reduced foreign direct investment in vulnerable regions. The international community also faces ongoing questions about regulating autonomous weapon systems and preventing civilian harm.
Modern warfare increasingly uses drones and unmanned systems, altering the relationship between combatants and battlefields. Justice Mensa-Bonsu expressed concern that civilians are becoming more vulnerable as military target definitions expand. The development of autonomous weapons raises difficult questions about human control over warfare. The Sahel region exemplifies this changing conflict nature, marked by political instability and military takeovers in Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger. These developments complicate regional security efforts and the future of collective defense.
The responsibility of future peace professionals includes ensuring technological advancement supports peace, not undermines humanity's ability to regulate conflict. Ghana's role in ECOWAS and its commitment to security will be crucial for regional stability given these complex challenges. Understanding these new threats is vital for safeguarding economic progress and human security.